HEART

BAHASA
Jantung (bahasa Latin, cor) adalah sebuah rongga, rongga organ berotot yang memompadarah lewat pembuluh darah oleh kontraksi berirama yang berulang. Istilah kardiak berartiberhubungan dengan jantung, dari kata Yunani cardia untuk jantung. Jantung adalah salah satu organ manusia yang berperan dalam sistem peredaran darah. Ukuran jantung manusia kurang lebih sebesar kepalan tangan. Jantung adalah satu otot tunggal yang terdiri dari lapisan endothelium. Jantung terletak di dalam rongga torakik, di balik tulang dada. Struktur jantung berbelok ke bawah dan sedikit ke arah kiri.

Jantung hampir sepenuhnya diselubungi oleh paru-paru, namun tertutup oleh selaput ganda yang bernama perikardium, yang tertempel pada diafragma. Lapisan pertama menempel sangat erat kepada jantung, sedangkan lapisan luarnya lebih longgar dan berair, untuk menghindari gesekan antar organ dalam tubuh yang terjadi karena gerakan memompa konstan jantung.

Jantung dijaga di tempatnya oleh pembuluh-pembuluh darah yang meliputi daerah jantung yang merata/datar, seperti di dasar dan di samping. Dua garis pembelah (terbentuk dari otot) pada lapisan luar jantung menunjukkan di mana dinding pemisah di antara serambi & bilik jantung.

Inggris

The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system (including all vertebrates), which pumps blood throughout the blood vesselsby repeated, rhythmic contractions. The term cardiac (as in cardiology) means "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek καρδιά, kardia, for "heart".

The vertebrate heart is principally composed of cardiac muscle and connective tissue. Cardiac muscle is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ and responsible for the ability of the heart to pump blood. The average human heart, beating at 72 beats per minute, will beat approximately 2.5 billion times during an average 66 year lifespan. It weighs approximately 250 to 300 grams (9 to 11 oz) in females and 300 to 350 grams (11 to 12 oz) in males.

In invertebrates that possess a circulatory system, the heart is typically a tube or small sac and pumps fluid that contains water and nutrients such as proteins, fats, and sugars. In insects, the "heart" is often called the dorsal tube and insect "blood" is almost always not oxygenated since they usually respirate (breathe) directly from their body surfaces (internal and external) to air. However, the hearts of some otherarthropods (including spiders and crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp) and some other animals pump hemolymph, which contains the copper-based proteinhemocyanin as an oxygen transporter similar to the iron-based hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates.

 ne; bV � r u 0 (, ment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[16] The events related to the flow or blood pressure that occurs from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next can be referred to acardiac cycle. ^[17]

The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates. In these animals, the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers. Indeed, since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes, it is likely homologous with the SA node. In teleosts, with their vestigial sinus venosus, the main centre of coordination is, instead, in the atrium. The rate of heartbeat varies enormously between different species, ranging from around 20 beats per minute in codfish to around 600 in hummingbirds.^[8]

Cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of normal heart rhythm which can include a number of pathologies such as tachycardia, an extremely rapid heart beat which prevents the heart from effectively pumping blood, which is an irregular and ineffective heart rhythm, and asystole, which is the cessation of heart rhythm entirely.

Cardiac tamponade is a condition in which the fibrous sac surrounding the heart fills with excess fluid or blood, suppressing the heart's ability to beat properly. Tamponade is treated by pericardiocentesis, the gentle insertion of the needle of a syringe into the pericardial sac (avoiding the heart itself) on an angle, usually from just below the sternum, and gently withdrawing the tamponading fluids.

 ne; bV � r u 0 (, ment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[16] The events related to the flow or blood pressure that occurs from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next can be referred to acardiac cycle. ^[17]

The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates. In these animals, the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers. Indeed, since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes, it is likely homologous with the SA node. In teleosts, with their vestigial sinus venosus, the main centre of coordination is, instead, in the atrium. The rate of heartbeat varies enormously between different species, ranging from around 20 beats per minute in codfish to around 600 in hummingbirds.^[8]

Cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of normal heart rhythm which can include a number of pathologies such as tachycardia, an extremely rapid heart beat which prevents the heart from effectively pumping blood, which is an irregular and ineffective heart rhythm, and asystole, which is the cessation of heart rhythm entirely.

Cardiac tamponade is a condition in which the fibrous sac surrounding the heart fills with excess fluid or blood, suppressing the heart's ability to beat properly. Tamponade is treated by pericardiocentesis, the gentle insertion of the needle of a syringe into the pericardial sac (avoiding the heart itself) on an angle, usually from just below the sternum, and gently withdrawing the tamponading fluids.

 ne; bV � r u 0 (, ment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[16] The events related to the flow or blood pressure that occurs from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next can be referred to acardiac cycle. ^[17]

The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates. In these animals, the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers. Indeed, since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes, it is likely homologous with the SA node. In teleosts, with their vestigial sinus venosus, the main centre of coordination is, instead, in the atrium. The rate of heartbeat varies enormously between different species, ranging from around 20 beats per minute in codfish to around 600 in hummingbirds.^[8]

Cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of normal heart rhythm which can include a number of pathologies such as tachycardia, an extremely rapid heart beat which prevents the heart from effectively pumping blood, which is an irregular and ineffective heart rhythm, and asystole, which is the cessation of heart rhythm entirely.

Cardiac tamponade is a condition in which the fibrous sac surrounding the heart fills with excess fluid or blood, suppressing the heart's ability to beat properly. Tamponade is treated by pericardiocentesis, the gentle insertion of the needle of a syringe into the pericardial sac (avoiding the heart itself) on an angle, usually from just below the sternum, and gently withdrawing the tamponading fluids

jepang

心臟是較高等動物循環系統中一個主要器官。主要功能是提供壓力，把血液運行至身體各個部分。人類的心脏位於胸腔中部偏左，體積約相當於一個拳頭大小，重量約350克。心臟內的空腔再分為心房與心室，心房接納來自靜脈的回心血，心室則將離心血打入動脈。哺乳類和鸟類有二心房與二心室；爬蟲類也有二心房與二心室，但二心室之間未完全分隔；兩棲類有二心房與一心室；魚類則只有一心房與一心室。學理方面，心臟（拉丁文-解剖学词：Cor，希腊语-病理学：Kardia）是一个位于脊椎动物胸部的中空肌性纤维性器官，外披心包，是循環系統的动力部分。心脏具有自律心肌细胞，它们通过起搏电流产生节律性的动作电位，带动工作心肌细胞进行有规律的收缩，将血液送往全身组织。心脏另有内分泌功能，其分泌的肽类激素可起到调节血压、尿量及人体内水平衡的作用。而其功能会受到自身机制，神经系统和激素精细的共同调节。第一个真正的心脏可能出现在5亿2千万年前寒武纪第一批脊椎动物中（如耳材村海口鱼）。心脏的心房心室划分和运作机制与该动物的体形和具体生存习性（即生态学上所说的生态位）相适应。心脏的正常运作对生命至关重要，是动物胚胎期最早出现的器官之一。

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